KONDISI RUMPUT LAUT DI KALIMANTAN UTARA
Kata Kunci:
KONDISI RUMPUT LAUT DI KALIMANTAN UTARAAbstrak
Buku ini menghadirkan kajian mendalam mengenai potensi, tantangan, dan peluang pengembangan budidaya rumput laut di Kalimantan Utara, salah satu provinsi termuda di Indonesia. Dengan fokus pada spesies unggulan seperti Kappaphycus alvarezii, buku ini mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor penentu keberhasilan budidaya, seperti pemilihan bibit unggul, teknik budidaya, dan penanganan pascapanen. Data dan analisis yang disajikan juga mencakup tren produksi, metode pengolahan, serta prospek industrialisasi rumput laut sebagai komoditas bernilai tinggi. Buku ini menggambarkan bagaimana Kabupaten Nunukan dan Kota Tarakan menjadi sentra utama produksi rumput laut, menyumbang signifikan pada perekonomian lokal dan nasional. Di sisi lain, buku ini mengulas kendala yang dihadapi, mulai dari kebutuhan bibit unggul hingga kurangnya infrastruktur industri pengolahan lokal. Melalui studi kasus dan strategi pengembangan berbasis teknologi serta kebijakan, buku ini menawarkan peta jalan menuju industrialisasi yang terintegrasi dan berkelanjutan. Ditujukan bagi akademisi, mahasiswa, pelaku industri, dan pembuat kebijakan, buku ini diharapkan menjadi referensi strategis dalam mendukung pengembangan sektor perikanan dan kelautan di Indonesia. Dengan mengedepankan pendekatan berbasis data dan inovasi, buku ini tidak hanya menggambarkan kondisi eksisting tetapi juga memberikan visi untuk masa depan budidaya rumput laut di Kalimantan Utara.
Referensi
Arumingtyas EL. 2016. Genetika Mendel. Universitas of Brawijaya Press. Malang.
Asikin, A.N., Kusumaningrum, I. 2019. Karakteristik fisiko kimia karaginan berdasarkan umur panen yang berbeda dari perairan bontang, kalimantan timur. JPHPI 22(1): 136-142.
Ask, E.I, Azanza R V. 2017. Reproductive Biology and Ecophysiology of Farmed Kappaphycus and Eucheuma. Critchley AT, Editors ICN. Tropical Seaweed Farming Trends, Problems And Opportunities Developments in Applied Phycology 9. Springer Publishing. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_3.
Atmadja,W. 1996. Pengenalan Jenis-Jenis Rumput Laut Indonesia.Puslibang Oseanografi LIPI. Jakarta. 189 hal
Azizi, A., Mohd Hanafi, N., Basiran, M. N., & Teo, C. H. (2018). Evaluation of disease resistance and tolerance to elevated temperature stress of the selected tissue-cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty 1985 under optimized laboratory conditions. 3 Biotech, 8(8), 0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1354-4.
Badan Pusat Statistik, 2010. Sulawesi Selatan dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik, Sulawesi Selatan. Makassar.
Basiroh, S., Ali, M., Putri, B. 2016. Pengaruh periode panen yang berbeda terhadap kualitas karaginan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii: Kajian rendemen dan organoleptik karaginan. Maspari Journal 8(2): 127-135.
BPS Kaltara. 2020. Kalimantan Utara dalam Angka Tahun 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor.
BPS Kaltara. 2021. Kalimantan Utara dalam Angka Tahun 2021. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor.
BPS Kaltara. 2022. Kalimantan Utara dalam Angka Tahun 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor.
BPS Kaltara. 2023. Kalimantan Utara dalam Angka Tahun 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor.
BPS Kaltara. 2024. Kalimantan Utara dalam Angka Tahun 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Utara, Tanjung Selor.
BSN. 2015. Standar Nasional Indonesia Rumput Laut Kering (SNI 2690:2015). Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Budiyanto, Kasim, M., & Abadi, S. Y. (2019). Growth and carrageenan content of local and tissue culture seed of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in floating cage. AACL Bioflux, 12(1), 167–178.
Byron, C.J., Costa-Pierce, B.A., 2010. Carrying Capacity Tools for Use in the Implementation of an Ecosystems Approach to Aquaculture. Presented at the FAO Expert Workshop on Aquaculture Site Selection and Carrying Capacity Estimates of Inland and Coastal Water Bodies, 6-8 December 2010, Stirling, U.K, p. 22 p.
Cahyani, H., Hardianti, Kurnia, D. P., & L O M Aslan. (2019). Cultivation of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii ( Doty ) doty ex silva using tissue – cultured seedlings in encircling tank culture system Cultivation of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii ( Doty ) doty ex silva using tissue – cultured seedlings in encircling tan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (2020) 473(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012009
Cheney, D., Rudolph, B., Wang L. Z., Metz, B., Watson, K., Roberts, K., and Levine, I. 1998. Genetic Manipulation And Strain Improvement In Commercially Valuable Red Seaweeds. 101–104. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-5983-9_22.
Dahuri, R. 2002. Pendekatan Ekonomi-Ekologis Pembangunan Pulau-Pulau Kecil Berkelanjutan. Prosiding Seminar dan LokaKarya Pengelolaan Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Direktorat Pengelolaan Sumberdaya dan Kawasan - TPSA-BPPT-CMRM-USAID
Duarte CM, Bruhn A, Krause-Jensen D. 2021. A seaweed aquaculture imperative to meet global sustainability targets. Nature Sustainability. 5(3):185–193. doi:10.1038/ s41893-021-00773-9.
Fadilah S, Alimuddin, Pong-masak PR, Santoso J, Parenrengi A. 2016. Growth, Morphology and Growth Related Hormone Level in Kappaphycus alvarezii Produced by Mass Selection in Gorontalo. Hayati J. Biosci. (July):1–6. doi:10.1016/j.hjb.2015.09.004.
Fadilah, S., Pong-masak, P. R., Santoso, J., & Parenrengi, A. (2016). Growth , Morphology and Growth Related Hormone Level in
Kappaphycus alvarezii Produced by Mass Selection in Gorontalo. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 23(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjb.2015.09.004
Fadilah, S., Pong-masak, P. R., Santoso, J., & Parenrengi, A. (2016). Growth , Morphology and Growth Related Hormone Level in Kappaphycus alvarezii Produced by Mass Selection in Gorontalo. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 23(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjb.2015.09.004
FAO (2004) FAO-Fisheries Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FISHSTAT Plus.(Universal Software for fishery statistical time series). Version 2.3. last updated March 2004. Food and Agriculture Organisation. United Nations. Rome, Italy.
FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018: Meeting the sustainable development goals, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). FAO, Rome, Italy
Fauzi, A. dan S. Anna. 2005. Pemodelan Sumberdaya Perikanan dan Kelautan untuk Analisis Kebijakan. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1989. Sustainable Development and Natural Resources Management. Twenty-Fifth Conference, Paper C 89/2 simp 2, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2007. FAO guidelines for aquaculture certification. Preliminary Draft Only. Accessed Jan 2008 at http://www.enaca.org/modules/tinyd10/index.php?id=1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2012. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2012/FAO annuaire. FAO, Roma. 76 pp.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).2017. The State of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. FAO, Rome. 223 pp.
Frediansyah A. 2021. The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID- 19: A critical review. Clinical
Epidemiology and Global Health. 12(4):18–26. doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826.
Gomez Pinchetti, J.L., 2016. Algae production and their potential contribution to a nutritional sustainability. J. Environ. Health Sci. 2, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.15436/ 2378-6841.16.1101
Guillemin M, Faugeron S, Destombe C, Viard F, Correa JA, Valero M. 2008. Genetic Variation In Wild And Cultivated Populations Of The Haploid – Diploid Red Alga Gracilaria Chilensis: How Farming Practices Favor Asexual Reproduction And Heterozygosity. 1500–1519. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00373.x
Hayashi L, Paula EJD, Chow F. 2012. Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of Sao Paulo State Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology. 19(5):393–399. doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9135-6.
Inglis, G.J., Hayden, B.J., Ross, A.H., 2000. An Overview of Factors Affecting the Carrying Capacity of Coastal Embayments for Mussel Culture. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Client Report CHC00/69, Christchurch, New Zealand. 31 p.
Irfan, M., Malan, S., Muchdar, F., Abdullah, N., & Juharni, J. (2020, October 1). Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation production based on season in Indari waters, West Bacan Subdistrict, Regency of South Halmahera, Province of North Mollucas, Indonesia. IOP Publishing, 584(1), 012043-012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/584/1/012043
ITC. 2022. Seaweeds and Other Algae, Fresh, Chilled, Frozen or Dried, Wheather or not Ground Fit For Human Comsumption HS 121221. Trade statistics for international business development. International Trade Center.
ITC. 2023. Mucilages and Thickeners Derived from Vegetable Products, Wheather or not Modified HS 130239. Trade statistics for international business development. International Trade Center.
Jamri, Janah, H., Irawan, O. 2024. Perbandingan teknik pengeringan rumput laut Eucheuma cottoni terhadap kualitas mutu rumput laut kering di daerah tanjung kelurahan nunukan barat
kabupaten nunukan. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Perikanan 4(1): 30-38.
Jayanti, A D., Suadi, S., Habibie, S A., & Ariasari, A. (2020, January 1). Technical and Economic Aspects to Increase the Income of Seaweed Farmers in Milangodaa Village, Popayato Timur Subdistrict, Gorontalo. EDP Sciences, 147, 02015-02015. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014702015
Kasim, M., Balubi, A. M., Astuti, O., Rahman, A., Patadjai, R. S., Muskita, W., Takwir, A., Ruslaini, Bahtiar, & Jalil, W. (2021). Comparison between the growth of Kappahycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) seed from tissue culture and clone selection cultivated using horizontal net. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 47(2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2021.01.003
Kim, J. K., Yarish, C., Hwang, E. K., Park, M., & Kim, Y. (2017). Seaweed aquaculture: Cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services. In Algae (Vol. 32, Issue 1, pp. 1–13). Korean Society of Phycology. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3
KKP. 2019. Keputusan Menteri Kelautan Dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/KEPMEN-KP/2019 TentangPedoman Umum Pembudidayaan Rumput Laut. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Jakarta.
ma.6.1.2011.1-12.
ma.6.1.2011.1-12.
Main., Anggoro, S, 2013. Kajian Dampak Lingkungan Penerapan Teknologi Bioflok pada Kegiatan Budidaya Udang Vaname dengan Metode Life Cycle Assessment. Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan Undip Semarang. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Volume 11 Issue 2 : 110-119 (2013)
Mastuti, R. 2017. Dasar-Dasar Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan. UB Press. Malang.
Mavelil-Sam, R., Ouseph, E.M., Morreale, M., Scaffaro, R., & Thomas, S. 2023. Recent developments and formulations for hydrophobic modification of carrageenan bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 15(7): 1650.
Mulyaningrum SRH, Nursyam H, Risjani Y, Parenrengi A. 2012. Regenerasi flamen kalus rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dengan formulasi zat pengatur tumbuh yang berbeda. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan 1(1):52-60.
Muslimah S, Salim M, Ilsan M. 2019. Analisis Produksi dan Pemasaran Rumput Laut (Studi Kasus di Desa Munte, Kecamatan Tana Lili, Kabupaten Luwu Utara). Wiratani: Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis, UMI Makassar, Vol 2, No 2, hal 128-141.
Novianty, H. 2019. Penentuan usia panen terhadap karakteristik Eucheuma cottonii dari Perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu. Eksakta: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu MIPA 19(2):105-116.
Ohno M, Critchley AT (1997) Seaweed Cultivation and Marine Ranching. Second Printing. Jica, Yokosuka, Japan, 151 pp
Pauli, G. 2010. The Blue Economy to Years, 100 Innovations, 100 million Jobs. Paradigm Publ. USA, 308 p.
Pong-Masak PR, Sarira NH. 2018. Seleksi Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyceae) dalam Upaya Penyediaan Bibit Unggul untuk Budidaya. Jurnal Perikanan UGM. 20(2):79–85. doi:10.22146/jfs.36109.
Pong-Masak, P.R., B. Priono & I. Insan. 2011. Seleksi klon bibit rumput laut, Glacilaria verrucosa. Media Akuakultur 6 (1): 1-12. DOI: 10.15578/
Pong-Masak, P.R., Pantjara, B., & Rachmansyah. (2009). Seaweed Planting Season in Anggrek Waters, North Gorontalo. Yogyakarta (ID): Gajahmada University. pp. 1e10. Annual National Seminar VI Fisheries and Marine Research Report; 2009 Jul 25; Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Pongmasak PR, Parenrengi A. 2014. Petunjuk teknis produksi bibit unggul rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dengan metode seleksi varietas. P2BRL. Balitbang KP. KKP. Jakarta.
Pongmasak PR, Parenrengi A. 2014. Petunjuk teknis produksi bibit unggul rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dengan metode seleksi varietas. LP2BRL. Balitbang KP. KKP. Jakarta.
Pongmasak PR, Priono B, Insan I. 2011. Seleksi klon bibit rumput laut, Glacilaria verrucosa. Media Akuakultur 6 (1): 1-12. DOI: 10.15578/
Porse H, Rudolph B. 2017. The Seaweed Hydrocolloid Industry: 2016 Updates, Requirements, and Outlook. Journal of Applied Phycology. 29(5):2187–2200. doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1144-0.
Prihastuti, D., Abdassah, M. 2019. Karagenan dan Aplikasinya di Bidang Farmasetik. Majalah Farmasetika 4(5): 146-154.
Priono Bambang (2013). Budidaya rumput laut dalam upaya peningkatan industrialisasi perikanan. Media Akuakultur. Volume 8 Nomor 1
Promise of aquaculture. Center for Coastal Resources Management. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Pt, USA.
Puryono S, Anggoro S, Suryanti, dan Anwar I. S. 2019. Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut Berbasis Ekosistem. Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. 270 hlm. ISBN 978-979-097-595-8
Rafsanjani A, Sanusih M dan Agustina T, 2006. Efisiensi Pemasaran dan Pendapatan Usahatani Rumput Laut dan Pendapatan Usahatani Rumput Laut di Kabupaten Situbondo.
Rahayu S, Dewi AK, Wirnas D. 2013. Analisis Stabilitas dan Adaptabilitas Beberapa Galur Padi Dataran Tinggi Hasil Mutasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi 9(2):81–90.
Rahayu, D S., Koentjoro, M P., Isdiantoni., Ekawati, I., & Prasetyo, E N. (2021, February 1). Optimization of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed seeding system by aquaculture. IOP Publishing, 649(1), 012031-012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/649/1/012031
Ratnawati, P., Simatupang, N. F., Pong-Masak, P. R., Paul, N. A., & Zuccarello, G. C. (2020). Genetic diversity analysis of cultivated kappaphycus in indonesian seaweed farms using coi gene. Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology, 15(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v15i2.466
Riatiga, B., Darwanto, D. H., & Waluyati, L. R. (2017). Production Efficiency of Seaweed Farming in Tarakan North Borneo. Agro Ekonomi, 28(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.22146/jae.24316
Rifaid., Cokrowati, N., Scabra. 2023. Pengaruh umur budidaya terhadap kandungan karaginan rumput laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) di
teluk ekas kecamatan jerowaru lombok timur nusa tenggara barat. Jurnal Media Akuakultur Indonesia3(1): 50-57.
Rivai, A.A., Syam, H., Rauf, R.F., Jamaluddin. 2020. Pengaruh umur panen terhadap produksi rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii di Kabupaten Takalar saat Musim Timur. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Pertanian 6(2): 361-371.
Robinson, N., Winberg, P., & Kirkendale, L. (2013). Genetic improvement of macroalgae : status to date and needs for the future. 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9950-x
Rogers, Jalal and Boyd. 2007. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. London: Earthscan, 2008 416 pp. £18.99 paper back.
Sahoo, D., Yarish, C., 2005. Mariculture of Seaweeds, in: Phycological Methods: Algal Culturing Techniques. pp. 219–237. doi:10.1016/B978-012088426-1/50016-0
Santelices, B., 1999. A Conceptual Framework for Marine Agronomy. Hydrobiologia. 398–399, 15–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4449-03.
Satriani GI, Soelistyowati DT, Alimuddin A, Arfah H, Effendi I. 2023. Molecular Assessment of Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivated in Tarakan based on cox2-3 Spacer. Squalen Bulletin Marine Fish. Postharvest Biotech 18: 52-64.
Scoggan J, Zhimeng Z, Feijiu W (1989) Culture of Kelp (Laminaria japonica) in China. Training Manual 89/5 (RAS/86/024), prepared for the training and demonstration course on Laminaria
Seafarming, 15 June–31 July 1989, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China, organized by the UNDP/FAO Regional Seafarming Project.
Simatupang NF, Pong-Masak PR, Ratnawati P, Agusman, Paul NA, HHaya MA. 2021. Growth and product quality of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii from different farming locations in Indonesia. Aquaculture Reports. 20:100685. doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100685.
Soejarwo, P. A. 2017. Potensi Usaha Budi Daya Rumput Laut di Pulau Panjang Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten. MARINA: Sosial
Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 3 (2): 91 - 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/marina.v3i2.7326
Sulistiani E, Soelistyowati DT, Alimuddin, Yani SA. 2012. Callus induction and flaments regeneration from callus of cottonii seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty)) collected from Natuna Islands, Riau Islands Province. Biotropia(19) :103-114.
Sulystyaningsih, N D., Rahim, N F., Liliyanti, M A., Asrial, E., Nuryadin, R., & Muahiddah, N. (2022, August 30). Sustainability Evaluation of Seaweed Aquabusiness Management in Support of Sustainable Development Goal in Ekas Bay, East Lombok. Airlangga University, 14(2), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v14i2.33002
Suryati E, Mulyaningrum SRH, Parenrengi A. 2013. Budidaya Gracilaria verrucosa menggunakan produksi bibit hasil kultur jaringan. Rekomendasi Teknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan. Jakarta: 207-230.
Tamura T (1966) Marine Aquaculture. 2nd Edn (Translated from Japanese). Springfield, VA, USA.
Tiwari, B.K., Troy, D.J., 2015. Chapter 1—Seaweed sustainability – food and nonfood applications. In: Tiwari, B.K., Troy, D.J. (Eds.), Seaweed Sustainability. Academic Press, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2.00001-5
Undang-Undang RI Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
Zainuddin, F. 2016. Kualitas karaginan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii asal maumere dan tembalang pada budidaya sistem longline. Jurnal Agrominansia 1(2): 117-128.
